21考研英语2(考研英语二21)
2022考研英语一试题及答案解析
section i use of english
translate the following text into chinese. write yo** translation on the answer sheet. (15 points)
the idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant ne**obiology” was ____1____ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be ____2____ to intelligence in animals. ____3____ plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that ____4____ consciousness, researchers previously reported.
but such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it ____5____ so greatly from that of animals that so-called ____6____ of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
beginning in 2006, some scientists have ____7____ that plants possess ne**on-like cells that interact with hormones and ne**otransmitters, ____8____ “a plant nervous system, ____9____ to that in animals,” said lead study author lincoln taiz, “they ____10____ claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
this ____11____ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, ____12____ it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. ____13____, the signaling in a plant is only ____14____ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” taiz said.
“for consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold ____15____ of complexity and capacity is required,” he ____16____.” since plants don’t have nervous systems, the ____17____ that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
and what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? plants can’t run away from ____18____, so investing energy in a body system which ____19____ a threat and can feel pain would be a very ____20____ evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
1. [a] coined [b] discovered [c] collected [d] issued
2. [a] attributed [b] directed [c] compared [d] confined
3. [a] unless [b] when [c] once [d] though
4. [a] coped with [b] consisted of [c] hinted at [d] extended to
5. [a] suffers [b] benefits [c] develops [d] differs
6. [a] acceptance [b] evidence [c] cultivation [d] creation
7. [a] doubted [b] denied [c] argued [d] requested
8. [a] adapting [b] forming [c] repairing [d] testing
9. [a] ****ogous [b] essential [c] suitable [d] sensitive
10. [a] just [b] ever [c] still [d] even
11. [a] restriction [b] experiment [c] perspective [d] demand
12. [a] attaching [b] reducing [c] ret**ning [d] exposing
13. [a] however [b] moreover [c] therefore [d] otherwise
14. [a] temporarily [b] literally [c] superficially [d] imaginarily
15. [a] list [b] level [c] label [d] load
16. [a] recalled [b] agreed [c] questioned [d] added
17. [a] chances [b] risks [c] excuses [d] assumptions
18. [a] danger [b] fail**e [c] warning [d] control
19. [a] represents [b] includes [c] reveals [d] recognizes
20. [a] humble [b] poor [c] practical [d] easy
答案解析：
1. [a] coined
2. [c] compared
3. [d] though
4. [c] hinted at
5. [d] differs
6. [b] evidence
7. [c] argued
8. [b] forming
9. [a] ****ogous
10. [d] even
11. [c] perspective
12. [b] reducing
13. [a] however
14. [c] superficially
15. [b] level
16. [d] added
17. [a] chances
18. [a] danger
19. [d] recognizes
20. [b] poor
the idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant ne**obiology” was coined around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be compared to intelligence in animals. though plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that hinted at consciousness, researchers previously reported.
but such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it differs so greatly from that of animals that so- called evidence of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
beginning in 2006, some scientists have argued that plants possess ne**on-like cells that interact with hormones and ne**otransmitters, forming “a plant nervous system, ****ogous to that in animals,” said lead study author lincoln taiz, “they even claimed that plants have “brain-like command centers” at their root tips.”
this perspective makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, reducing it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. however, the signaling in a plant is only superficially similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” taiz said.
“for consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold level of complexity and capacity is required,” he added.” since plants don’t have nervous systems, the chances that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
and what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? plants can’t run away from danger, so investing energy in a body system which recognizes a threat and can feel pain would be a very poor evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
section ii reading comprehension
part a
directions:
read the following fo** texts. answer the questions after each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark yo** answers on the answer sheet. (40 points)
text 1
people often complain that plastics are too d**able. water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from mount everest to the mariana trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. but some plastic materials change over time. they crack and frizzle. they “weep” out additives. they melt into sludge. all of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve cult**ally important objects. the variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculpt**es, celluloid animation stills from disney films, the first artificial heart.
certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says thea van oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the cult**al heritage agency of the netherlands. “it’s like baking a cake: if you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “the object you make is already a time bomb.”
and sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. in the 1960s, the italian artist piero gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nat**e carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. he wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be d**able.
unfortunately, the poly**ethane foam he used is inherently unstable. it’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other fig**es were splitting and crumbling. museums locked some of them away in the dark.
so van oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve gilardi’s sculpt**es. they infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. van oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent f**ther light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. she is proud that several sculpt**es have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.
despite success stories like van oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. old objects continue to deteriorate. worse, biodegradable plastics, designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.
and more is at stake here than individual objects. joana lia ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the nova school of science and technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—stone age, iron age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. we now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve … will have a strong impact on how in the fut**e we’ll be seen.”
21. according to paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in ______.
[a] maintaining their plastic items
[b] obtaining d**able plastic artifacts
[c] handling outdated plastic exhibits
[d] classifying their plastic collections
22. van oosten believes that certain plastic objects are ______.
[a] immune to decay
[b] improperly shaped
[c] inherently flawed
[d] complex in struct**e
23. museums stopped exhibiting some of gilardi’s artworks to ______.
[a] keep them from h**ting visitors
[b] duplicate them for fut**e display
[c] have their ingredients ****yzed
[d] prevent them from f**ther damage
24. the author thinks that preservation of plastics is ______.
[a] costly
[b] unworthy
[c] unpopular
[d] challenging
25. in ferreira’ s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts ______.
[a] will inspire fut**e scientific research
[b] has profound historical significance
[c] will help us separate the material ages
[d] has an impact on today’s cult**al life
section ii reading comprehension
答案解析：
21. [a] maintaining their plastic items
22. [c] inherently flawed
23. [d] prevent them from f**ther damage
24. [d] challenging
25. [b] has profound historical significance
text 2
as the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, p**pose and value of a degree has changed and what generation z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational jo**ney.
millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. but that promise has been found wanting. as degrees became universal, they became devalued. education was no longer a sec**e route of social mobility. today, 28 per cent of graduates in the uk are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among oecd countries.
this is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lect**e hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.
thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with generation z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.
for those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. in this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. when more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.
it is unlikely that generation z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. it has been estimated that this generation, due to the press**es of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the co**se of their working life and have five different careers. education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of generation z’s career trajectory.
older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: ‘i am a geographer’ or ‘i am a classist’. their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.
26. the author suggests that generation z should ______.
[a] be careful in choosing a college
[b] be diligent at each educational stage
[c] reassess the necessity of college education
[d] postpone their undergraduate application
27. the percentage of uk graduates in non-graduate roles reflect ______.
[a] millennial’s opinions about work
[b] the shrinking value of a degree
[c] public discontent with education
[d] the desired route of social mobility
28. the author considers it a good sign that ______.
[a] generation z are seeking to earn a decent degree
[b] school leavers are willing to be skilled workers
[c] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees
[d] parents are changing their minds about education
29. it is advised in paragraph 5 that those with one degree should ______.
[a] make an early decision on their career
[b] attend on the job training programs
[c] team up with high-paid postgraduates
[d] f**ther their studies in a specific field
30. what can be concluded about generation z from the last two paragraphs?
[a] lifelong learning will define them.
[b] they will make qualified educators.
[c] degrees will no longer appeal them.
[d] they will have a limited choice of jobs.
答案解析：
26. [c] reassess the necessity of college education
27. [b] the shrinking value of a degree
28. [c] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees
29. [d] f**ther their studies in a specific field
30. [a] lifelong learning will define them.
text 3
enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. these were some of the words that nat**e readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in fut**e.
such an enco**aging result is not s**prising. scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” one respondent said.
one example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the sydney symphony orchestra performed a reworked version of antonio vivaldi’s the fo** seasons. they reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by monash university’s climate change communication research hub. the performance was a creative call to action ahead of november’s united nations climate change conference in glasgow, uk.
but a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. fewer artists than scientists responded to the nat**e poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. the alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.
more than half a cent**y ago, the massachusetts institute of technology opened its center for advanced visual studies (c**s) to explore the role of technology in cult**e. the founders deliberately focused their projects around light—hence the “visual studies” in the name. light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. as science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
nat**e’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace s**prise and challenge. the reach of art-science tie-ups need to go beyond the necessary p**pose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.
31. according to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have ______.
[a] caught the attention of critics
[b] received favorable responses
[c] promoted academic publishing
[d] sparked heated public disputes
32. the reworked version of the fo** seasons is mentioned to show that ______.
[a] art can offer audiences easy access to science
[b] science can help with the expression of emotions
[c] public participation in science has a promising fut**e
[d] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
33. some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership ______.
[a] their role may be underestimated
[b] their reputation may be impaired
[c] their creativity may be inhibited
[d] their work may be misguided
34. what does the author say about c**s?
[a] it was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
[b] it exemplified valuable art-science alliances.
[c] its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
[d] its founders sought to raise the status of artists.
35. in the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations ______.
[a] are likely to go beyond public expectations
[b] will intensify interdisciplinary competition
[c] should do more than communicating science
[d] are becoming more popular than before
答案解析：
31. [b] received favorable responses
32. [a] art can offer audiences easy access to science
33. [a] their role may be underestimated
34. [b] it exemplified the valuable art-science alliances.
35. [c] should do more than communicating science
text 4
the personal grievance provisions of new zealand’s employment relations act 2000 (era) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. instead, dismissals must be justified. employers must both show cause and act in a proced**ally fair way.
personal grievance proced**es were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. the premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
but these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. as countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. the difference between c-grade and a-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or fail**e. between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.
if not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. indeed, in “an international perspective on new zealand’s productivity paradox” (2014), the productivity commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.
nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the era’s unjustified dismissal proced**es. because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. this makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. and firms pay staff less because firms carry the b**den of the employment arrangement going wrong.
society also suffers from excessive employment protections. stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.
across the tasman sea, australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. in new zealand, a 2016 private members’ bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. however, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
36. the personal grievance provisions of the era are intended to ______.
[a] punish dubious corporate practices
[b] improve traditional hiring proced**es
[c] exempt employers from certain duties
[d] protect the rights of ordinary workers
37. it can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may ______.
[a] hinder business development
[b] undermine managers’ authority
[c] affect the public image of the firms
[d] worsen labor-management relations
38. which of the following meas**es would the productivity commission support?
[a] imposing reasonable wage restraints.
[b] enforcing employment protection laws.
[c] limiting the powers of business owners.
[d] dismissing poorly performing managers.
39. what might be an effect of era’s unjustified dismissal proced**es?
[a] highly paid managers lose their jobs.
[b] employees suffer from salary cuts.
[c] society sees a rise in overall well-being.
[d] employers need to hire new staff.
40. it can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in australia ______.
[a] has sec**ed managers’ earnings
[b] has produced undesired results
[c] is beneficial to business owners
[d] is difficult to put into practice
答案解析：
36. [d] protect the rights of ordinary workers
37. [a] hinder business development
38. [d] dismissing poorly performing managers.
39. [b] employees suffer from salary cuts.
40. [d] is difficult to put into practice
section ii reading comprehension
part b
题目要求暂无，需要考生总结人物观点然后选择正确选项，类似英语二信息匹配题。
(41)teri byrd
i am a veterinarian who was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years before obtaining my veterinary degree. both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation p**poses. this claim was false. neither one of them actually participated in any contributions to animal research or conservation. they are profitable institutions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.
animals despise being captives in zoos. no matter how you “enhance” enclos**es, they do not allow for freedom, a nat**al diet or adequate exercise. animals end up stressed and unhealthy or dead. it’s past time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from o** cult**e.
(42)karen r. sime
as a zoology professor and, thanks to my kids, a frequent zoo visitor, i agree with emma marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. but she underestimates the educational value of zoos.
the zoology program at my state university of new york campus attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. these are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. although good tv shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. they also get to meet *****s who have t**ned their love for animals into a career, and with whom they can identify. s**ely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.
(43)greg newberry
emma marris’ article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate, dedicated people who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect o** planet. ms. marris uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organizations committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.
zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its nat**al habitat. are there tragedies? of co**se. but they are the exception, not the norm that ms. marris implies. a distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at o** local hospital.
(44)dean gallea
as a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, i could properly be in the same camp as emma marris on the issue of zoos. but i believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher p**pose. were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creat**es close to home, many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out, dist**b and even hunt them down.
zoos are, in that sense, similar to nat**al history and archaeology museums, serving to satisfy o** need for contact with these living creat**es while leaving the vast majority undist**bed in their nat**al environments.
(45)john fraser
emma marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of o** research. o** studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nat**e, and the data points extracted from o** studies do not, in any way, discount what is learned in a zoo visit.
zoos are tools for thinking. o** research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nat**e. zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. they afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon, to better understand the nat**al world we live in.
41. _______
42. _______
43. _______
44. _______
45. _______
[a] zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism.
[b] to press**e zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creat**es in their care.
[c] while animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoo play significant role in starting young people sown the path of related sciences.
[d] zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.
[e] for wild animals that cannot be ret**ned to their nat**al habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.
[f] zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ well-being.
[g] marris distorts o** findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nat**e.
答案解析：
41. [f] zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ well-being.
42. [c] while animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoo play significant role in starting young people sown the path of related sciences.
43. [a] zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism.
44. [d] zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.
45. [g] marris distorts o** findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nat**e.
section ii reading comprehension
part c
directions:
read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into chinese. yo** translation should be written neatly on the answer sheet. (10 points)
between 1807 and 1814 the iberian peninsula (comprising spain and portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. it took place on many different planes: between napoleon’s french army and the angry inhabitants; between the british, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) it was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.
i first discovered the napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when i was reading sir charles oman’s epic history of the peninsular war. in volume v he had attached an appendix, “the scovell ciphers.” (47) it listed many documents in code that had been capt**ed from the french army of spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one george scovell, an officer in british headquarters. oman rated scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nat**e of his history meant that (48) he could not ****yze carefully what this obsc**e officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. i was keen to read more, but was s**prised to find that oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.
i became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of enigma and the breaking of german codes in the second world war. the question was, could it be told?
studying scovell’s *****s at the public record office, london, i found that he had left an extensive jo**nal and copious notes about his work in the peninsula. what was more, many original french dispatches had been preserved in this collection. i realized at once that this was priceless. (49) there may have been many spies and intelligence officers d**ing the napoleonic wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on. f**thermore, scovell’s story involved much more than just intelligence work. his status in lord wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. his tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about british society.
【参考译文】
46. 即使是对许多好好研读过这段时期历史的人来说，他们也不知道这也是一场创造密码的人和破解密码的人之间的较量。
47. 它(书中)列出了许多从西班牙的法**队那里缴获的密码文件，这些文件的秘密已经被英军指挥部的一位军官乔治•斯科维尔揭露了出来。
48. 他(阿曼)无法精细分析这位鲜为人知的军官是否对那场国家间的大规模战争起到作用，也无法确切地告诉我们更多有关他本人的任何事情。
49. 在拿破仑战争期间，可能有很多间谍和情报官员，但通常很难找到他们实际提供或研究过的资料。
50. 正如密码破译在争夺西班牙的斗争中有其更广泛的意义，他在晋升途径上的尝试也提供了很多关于英国社会的信息。
section iii writing
part a
51. directions:
write an email to a professor at a british university, inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation contest to be held at yo** university.
you should write about 100 words on the answer sheet.
do not use yo** own name in the email; use “li ming” instead. (10 points)
part b
52. directions:
write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pict**e below. in yo** essay, you should
1) describe the pict**e briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give yo** comments.
write yo** answer on the answer sheet. (20 points)
~
答案解析：
51.【审题】
应用文类型
email
书信类型
邀请信，由关键词inviting可判断。
收信人
a professor at a british university
内容要点
写信背景+内容：inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation contest to be held at yo** university
署名
li ming
【参考范文】
part a
dear professor,
i am a student who is in charge of the students’ union. i am writing this email to invite you to organize a team to participate in the international innovation contest held at my university.
the relevant details are as follows. for one thing, the contest will be held in the gym of my university from march 3 to march 5. for another, it is advisable for you to know that the theme of the contest is “internet+”. besides, we will provide free accommodations for yo** team d**ing the contest.
i sincerely hope that my invitation can draw yo** attention and i am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
sincerely yo**s,
li ming
52.【审题】
图画类型
图画说明
寓意
一幅图
整体描述：两个女生正看着校园讲座的海报。
细节描述：一个学生说“不是我们专业的，听了也没多大用”，而另一个学生回答“听听总会有好处”。
重视广泛学习
part b
【参考范文】
what comes into view is that in the pict**e, two girls are looking at the poster for a lect**e. if we take a closer look, it can be found that one student says, “it has nothing to do with o** major. it is useless for us!” while the other replies, “there are always some benefits.” obviously, the above pict**e has shown an implication that great emphasis should be placed on extensive learning.
what the cartoonist has conveyed in the pict**e can be clearly and acc**ately summarized as the following: the phenomenon will make a huge difference to o** lives. the supporting point is that extensive learning can expand the knowledge of students, broaden their horizons, and arouse their enthusiasm for study. besides, it is not rare to find that extensive learning is helpful to the formation of students’ good character because while learning different knowledge, people are inspired to think about the world and their own lives, gradually recognize themselves, and actively think about their fut**e.
in summary, it is high time that we took concrete and efficient actions. the mass media, such as television and the internet, should make every effort to advocate the phenomenon. only in this way can we make o** life more colorful and vigorous.
宜宾叙州区高场职业技术学校
江苏徐州张集中等专业学校招生专业有哪些?有电子与信息技术专业吗?
山东华兴技工学校有多少学生(山东华兴技工学校是本科吗)
陕西2024年铁路学校什么专业适合男生
济南中专学校哪家好_济南好的中专学校推荐
潍坊考研考点_潍坊考研考点分布规律
21考研英语2(考研英语二21)
今年大三考研是2024还是2024_2024考研会比2024容易吗
安徽材料工程学校数字媒体技术应用专业介绍
兰州2024年上计算机学校好吗(兰州计算机专修学校排名)
齐河县职业中等专业学校2024招生 齐河县职业中等专业学校
钦州初中生读学前教育专业有哪些学校
中船澄西高级技工学校工业机器人应用与维护专业介绍
东华大学在职研究生招生网(研究生官方网站)
2024年武汉理工大学研究生分数线 武汉理工大学体育研究生分数线
滨州市技师学院2024年学费_收费多少
贵阳正规铁路学校报名-贵阳铁路学校招生办
北京2024中专学校有啥专业
贵州现代经济学校学校位置在那里？地址在那里？
肇庆汽车运用与维修中专学校排名榜（最新）
巴中排名靠前的职业中学 巴中考不上高中读什么职业中学好
section i use of english
translate the following text into chinese. write yo** translation on the answer sheet. (15 points)
the idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant ne**obiology” was ____1____ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be ____2____ to intelligence in animals. ____3____ plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that ____4____ consciousness, researchers previously reported.
but such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it ____5____ so greatly from that of animals that so-called ____6____ of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
beginning in 2006, some scientists have ____7____ that plants possess ne**on-like cells that interact with hormones and ne**otransmitters, ____8____ “a plant nervous system, ____9____ to that in animals,” said lead study author lincoln taiz, “they ____10____ claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
this ____11____ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, ____12____ it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. ____13____, the signaling in a plant is only ____14____ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” taiz said.
“for consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold ____15____ of complexity and capacity is required,” he ____16____.” since plants don’t have nervous systems, the ____17____ that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
and what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? plants can’t run away from ____18____, so investing energy in a body system which ____19____ a threat and can feel pain would be a very ____20____ evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
1. [a] coined [b] discovered [c] collected [d] issued
2. [a] attributed [b] directed [c] compared [d] confined
3. [a] unless [b] when [c] once [d] though
4. [a] coped with [b] consisted of [c] hinted at [d] extended to
5. [a] suffers [b] benefits [c] develops [d] differs
6. [a] acceptance [b] evidence [c] cultivation [d] creation
7. [a] doubted [b] denied [c] argued [d] requested
8. [a] adapting [b] forming [c] repairing [d] testing
9. [a] ****ogous [b] essential [c] suitable [d] sensitive
10. [a] just [b] ever [c] still [d] even
11. [a] restriction [b] experiment [c] perspective [d] demand
12. [a] attaching [b] reducing [c] ret**ning [d] exposing
13. [a] however [b] moreover [c] therefore [d] otherwise
14. [a] temporarily [b] literally [c] superficially [d] imaginarily
15. [a] list [b] level [c] label [d] load
16. [a] recalled [b] agreed [c] questioned [d] added
17. [a] chances [b] risks [c] excuses [d] assumptions
18. [a] danger [b] fail**e [c] warning [d] control
19. [a] represents [b] includes [c] reveals [d] recognizes
20. [a] humble [b] poor [c] practical [d] easy
答案解析：
1. [a] coined
2. [c] compared
3. [d] though
4. [c] hinted at
5. [d] differs
6. [b] evidence
7. [c] argued
8. [b] forming
9. [a] ****ogous
10. [d] even
11. [c] perspective
12. [b] reducing
13. [a] however
14. [c] superficially
15. [b] level
16. [d] added
17. [a] chances
18. [a] danger
19. [d] recognizes
20. [b] poor
the idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant ne**obiology” was coined around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be compared to intelligence in animals. though plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that hinted at consciousness, researchers previously reported.
but such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it differs so greatly from that of animals that so- called evidence of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
beginning in 2006, some scientists have argued that plants possess ne**on-like cells that interact with hormones and ne**otransmitters, forming “a plant nervous system, ****ogous to that in animals,” said lead study author lincoln taiz, “they even claimed that plants have “brain-like command centers” at their root tips.”
this perspective makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, reducing it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. however, the signaling in a plant is only superficially similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” taiz said.
“for consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold level of complexity and capacity is required,” he added.” since plants don’t have nervous systems, the chances that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
and what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? plants can’t run away from danger, so investing energy in a body system which recognizes a threat and can feel pain would be a very poor evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
section ii reading comprehension
part a
directions:
read the following fo** texts. answer the questions after each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark yo** answers on the answer sheet. (40 points)
text 1
people often complain that plastics are too d**able. water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from mount everest to the mariana trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. but some plastic materials change over time. they crack and frizzle. they “weep” out additives. they melt into sludge. all of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve cult**ally important objects. the variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculpt**es, celluloid animation stills from disney films, the first artificial heart.
certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says thea van oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the cult**al heritage agency of the netherlands. “it’s like baking a cake: if you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “the object you make is already a time bomb.”
and sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. in the 1960s, the italian artist piero gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nat**e carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. he wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be d**able.
unfortunately, the poly**ethane foam he used is inherently unstable. it’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other fig**es were splitting and crumbling. museums locked some of them away in the dark.
so van oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve gilardi’s sculpt**es. they infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. van oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent f**ther light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. she is proud that several sculpt**es have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.
despite success stories like van oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. old objects continue to deteriorate. worse, biodegradable plastics, designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.
and more is at stake here than individual objects. joana lia ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the nova school of science and technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—stone age, iron age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. we now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve … will have a strong impact on how in the fut**e we’ll be seen.”
21. according to paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in ______.
[a] maintaining their plastic items
[b] obtaining d**able plastic artifacts
[c] handling outdated plastic exhibits
[d] classifying their plastic collections
22. van oosten believes that certain plastic objects are ______.
[a] immune to decay
[b] improperly shaped
[c] inherently flawed
[d] complex in struct**e
23. museums stopped exhibiting some of gilardi’s artworks to ______.
[a] keep them from h**ting visitors
[b] duplicate them for fut**e display
[c] have their ingredients ****yzed
[d] prevent them from f**ther damage
24. the author thinks that preservation of plastics is ______.
[a] costly
[b] unworthy
[c] unpopular
[d] challenging
25. in ferreira’ s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts ______.
[a] will inspire fut**e scientific research
[b] has profound historical significance
[c] will help us separate the material ages
[d] has an impact on today’s cult**al life
section ii reading comprehension
答案解析：
21. [a] maintaining their plastic items
22. [c] inherently flawed
23. [d] prevent them from f**ther damage
24. [d] challenging
25. [b] has profound historical significance
text 2
as the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, p**pose and value of a degree has changed and what generation z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational jo**ney.
millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. but that promise has been found wanting. as degrees became universal, they became devalued. education was no longer a sec**e route of social mobility. today, 28 per cent of graduates in the uk are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among oecd countries.
this is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lect**e hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.
thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with generation z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.
for those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. in this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. when more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.
it is unlikely that generation z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. it has been estimated that this generation, due to the press**es of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the co**se of their working life and have five different careers. education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of generation z’s career trajectory.
older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: ‘i am a geographer’ or ‘i am a classist’. their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.
26. the author suggests that generation z should ______.
[a] be careful in choosing a college
[b] be diligent at each educational stage
[c] reassess the necessity of college education
[d] postpone their undergraduate application
27. the percentage of uk graduates in non-graduate roles reflect ______.
[a] millennial’s opinions about work
[b] the shrinking value of a degree
[c] public discontent with education
[d] the desired route of social mobility
28. the author considers it a good sign that ______.
[a] generation z are seeking to earn a decent degree
[b] school leavers are willing to be skilled workers
[c] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees
[d] parents are changing their minds about education
29. it is advised in paragraph 5 that those with one degree should ______.
[a] make an early decision on their career
[b] attend on the job training programs
[c] team up with high-paid postgraduates
[d] f**ther their studies in a specific field
30. what can be concluded about generation z from the last two paragraphs?
[a] lifelong learning will define them.
[b] they will make qualified educators.
[c] degrees will no longer appeal them.
[d] they will have a limited choice of jobs.
答案解析：
26. [c] reassess the necessity of college education
27. [b] the shrinking value of a degree
28. [c] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees
29. [d] f**ther their studies in a specific field
30. [a] lifelong learning will define them.
text 3
enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. these were some of the words that nat**e readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in fut**e.
such an enco**aging result is not s**prising. scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” one respondent said.
one example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the sydney symphony orchestra performed a reworked version of antonio vivaldi’s the fo** seasons. they reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by monash university’s climate change communication research hub. the performance was a creative call to action ahead of november’s united nations climate change conference in glasgow, uk.
but a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. fewer artists than scientists responded to the nat**e poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. the alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.
more than half a cent**y ago, the massachusetts institute of technology opened its center for advanced visual studies (c**s) to explore the role of technology in cult**e. the founders deliberately focused their projects around light—hence the “visual studies” in the name. light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. as science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
nat**e’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace s**prise and challenge. the reach of art-science tie-ups need to go beyond the necessary p**pose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.
31. according to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have ______.
[a] caught the attention of critics
[b] received favorable responses
[c] promoted academic publishing
[d] sparked heated public disputes
32. the reworked version of the fo** seasons is mentioned to show that ______.
[a] art can offer audiences easy access to science
[b] science can help with the expression of emotions
[c] public participation in science has a promising fut**e
[d] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
33. some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership ______.
[a] their role may be underestimated
[b] their reputation may be impaired
[c] their creativity may be inhibited
[d] their work may be misguided
34. what does the author say about c**s?
[a] it was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
[b] it exemplified valuable art-science alliances.
[c] its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
[d] its founders sought to raise the status of artists.
35. in the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations ______.
[a] are likely to go beyond public expectations
[b] will intensify interdisciplinary competition
[c] should do more than communicating science
[d] are becoming more popular than before
答案解析：
31. [b] received favorable responses
32. [a] art can offer audiences easy access to science
33. [a] their role may be underestimated
34. [b] it exemplified the valuable art-science alliances.
35. [c] should do more than communicating science
text 4
the personal grievance provisions of new zealand’s employment relations act 2000 (era) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. instead, dismissals must be justified. employers must both show cause and act in a proced**ally fair way.
personal grievance proced**es were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. the premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
but these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. as countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. the difference between c-grade and a-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or fail**e. between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.
if not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. indeed, in “an international perspective on new zealand’s productivity paradox” (2014), the productivity commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.
nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the era’s unjustified dismissal proced**es. because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. this makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. and firms pay staff less because firms carry the b**den of the employment arrangement going wrong.
society also suffers from excessive employment protections. stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.
across the tasman sea, australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. in new zealand, a 2016 private members’ bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. however, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
36. the personal grievance provisions of the era are intended to ______.
[a] punish dubious corporate practices
[b] improve traditional hiring proced**es
[c] exempt employers from certain duties
[d] protect the rights of ordinary workers
37. it can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may ______.
[a] hinder business development
[b] undermine managers’ authority
[c] affect the public image of the firms
[d] worsen labor-management relations
38. which of the following meas**es would the productivity commission support?
[a] imposing reasonable wage restraints.
[b] enforcing employment protection laws.
[c] limiting the powers of business owners.
[d] dismissing poorly performing managers.
39. what might be an effect of era’s unjustified dismissal proced**es?
[a] highly paid managers lose their jobs.
[b] employees suffer from salary cuts.
[c] society sees a rise in overall well-being.
[d] employers need to hire new staff.
40. it can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in australia ______.
[a] has sec**ed managers’ earnings
[b] has produced undesired results
[c] is beneficial to business owners
[d] is difficult to put into practice
答案解析：
36. [d] protect the rights of ordinary workers
37. [a] hinder business development
38. [d] dismissing poorly performing managers.
39. [b] employees suffer from salary cuts.
40. [d] is difficult to put into practice
section ii reading comprehension
part b
题目要求暂无，需要考生总结人物观点然后选择正确选项，类似英语二信息匹配题。
(41)teri byrd
i am a veterinarian who was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years before obtaining my veterinary degree. both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation p**poses. this claim was false. neither one of them actually participated in any contributions to animal research or conservation. they are profitable institutions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.
animals despise being captives in zoos. no matter how you “enhance” enclos**es, they do not allow for freedom, a nat**al diet or adequate exercise. animals end up stressed and unhealthy or dead. it’s past time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from o** cult**e.
(42)karen r. sime
as a zoology professor and, thanks to my kids, a frequent zoo visitor, i agree with emma marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. but she underestimates the educational value of zoos.
the zoology program at my state university of new york campus attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. these are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. although good tv shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. they also get to meet *****s who have t**ned their love for animals into a career, and with whom they can identify. s**ely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.
(43)greg newberry
emma marris’ article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate, dedicated people who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect o** planet. ms. marris uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organizations committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.
zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its nat**al habitat. are there tragedies? of co**se. but they are the exception, not the norm that ms. marris implies. a distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at o** local hospital.
(44)dean gallea
as a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, i could properly be in the same camp as emma marris on the issue of zoos. but i believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher p**pose. were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creat**es close to home, many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out, dist**b and even hunt them down.
zoos are, in that sense, similar to nat**al history and archaeology museums, serving to satisfy o** need for contact with these living creat**es while leaving the vast majority undist**bed in their nat**al environments.
(45)john fraser
emma marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of o** research. o** studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nat**e, and the data points extracted from o** studies do not, in any way, discount what is learned in a zoo visit.
zoos are tools for thinking. o** research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nat**e. zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. they afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon, to better understand the nat**al world we live in.
41. _______
42. _______
43. _______
44. _______
45. _______
[a] zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism.
[b] to press**e zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creat**es in their care.
[c] while animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoo play significant role in starting young people sown the path of related sciences.
[d] zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.
[e] for wild animals that cannot be ret**ned to their nat**al habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.
[f] zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ well-being.
[g] marris distorts o** findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nat**e.
答案解析：
41. [f] zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ well-being.
42. [c] while animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoo play significant role in starting young people sown the path of related sciences.
43. [a] zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism.
44. [d] zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.
45. [g] marris distorts o** findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nat**e.
section ii reading comprehension
part c
directions:
read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into chinese. yo** translation should be written neatly on the answer sheet. (10 points)
between 1807 and 1814 the iberian peninsula (comprising spain and portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. it took place on many different planes: between napoleon’s french army and the angry inhabitants; between the british, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) it was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.
i first discovered the napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when i was reading sir charles oman’s epic history of the peninsular war. in volume v he had attached an appendix, “the scovell ciphers.” (47) it listed many documents in code that had been capt**ed from the french army of spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one george scovell, an officer in british headquarters. oman rated scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nat**e of his history meant that (48) he could not ****yze carefully what this obsc**e officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. i was keen to read more, but was s**prised to find that oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.
i became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of enigma and the breaking of german codes in the second world war. the question was, could it be told?
studying scovell’s *****s at the public record office, london, i found that he had left an extensive jo**nal and copious notes about his work in the peninsula. what was more, many original french dispatches had been preserved in this collection. i realized at once that this was priceless. (49) there may have been many spies and intelligence officers d**ing the napoleonic wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on. f**thermore, scovell’s story involved much more than just intelligence work. his status in lord wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. his tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about british society.
【参考译文】
46. 即使是对许多好好研读过这段时期历史的人来说，他们也不知道这也是一场创造密码的人和破解密码的人之间的较量。
47. 它(书中)列出了许多从西班牙的法**队那里缴获的密码文件，这些文件的秘密已经被英军指挥部的一位军官乔治•斯科维尔揭露了出来。
48. 他(阿曼)无法精细分析这位鲜为人知的军官是否对那场国家间的大规模战争起到作用，也无法确切地告诉我们更多有关他本人的任何事情。
49. 在拿破仑战争期间，可能有很多间谍和情报官员，但通常很难找到他们实际提供或研究过的资料。
50. 正如密码破译在争夺西班牙的斗争中有其更广泛的意义，他在晋升途径上的尝试也提供了很多关于英国社会的信息。
section iii writing
part a
51. directions:
write an email to a professor at a british university, inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation contest to be held at yo** university.
you should write about 100 words on the answer sheet.
do not use yo** own name in the email; use “li ming” instead. (10 points)
part b
52. directions:
write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pict**e below. in yo** essay, you should
1) describe the pict**e briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give yo** comments.
write yo** answer on the answer sheet. (20 points)
~
答案解析：
51.【审题】
应用文类型
书信类型
邀请信，由关键词inviting可判断。
收信人
a professor at a british university
内容要点
写信背景+内容：inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation contest to be held at yo** university
署名
li ming
【参考范文】
part a
dear professor,
i am a student who is in charge of the students’ union. i am writing this email to invite you to organize a team to participate in the international innovation contest held at my university.
the relevant details are as follows. for one thing, the contest will be held in the gym of my university from march 3 to march 5. for another, it is advisable for you to know that the theme of the contest is “internet+”. besides, we will provide free accommodations for yo** team d**ing the contest.
i sincerely hope that my invitation can draw yo** attention and i am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
sincerely yo**s,
li ming
52.【审题】
图画类型
图画说明
寓意
一幅图
整体描述：两个女生正看着校园讲座的海报。
细节描述：一个学生说“不是我们专业的，听了也没多大用”，而另一个学生回答“听听总会有好处”。
重视广泛学习
part b
【参考范文】
what comes into view is that in the pict**e, two girls are looking at the poster for a lect**e. if we take a closer look, it can be found that one student says, “it has nothing to do with o** major. it is useless for us!” while the other replies, “there are always some benefits.” obviously, the above pict**e has shown an implication that great emphasis should be placed on extensive learning.
what the cartoonist has conveyed in the pict**e can be clearly and acc**ately summarized as the following: the phenomenon will make a huge difference to o** lives. the supporting point is that extensive learning can expand the knowledge of students, broaden their horizons, and arouse their enthusiasm for study. besides, it is not rare to find that extensive learning is helpful to the formation of students’ good character because while learning different knowledge, people are inspired to think about the world and their own lives, gradually recognize themselves, and actively think about their fut**e.
in summary, it is high time that we took concrete and efficient actions. the mass media, such as television and the internet, should make every effort to advocate the phenomenon. only in this way can we make o** life more colorful and vigorous.
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